Monday 16 December 2013

Mind Your Language is a British comedy television series which premiered on ITV in late-1977. Produced by London Weekend Television and directed by Stuart Allen, the show is set in an adult education college in London and focuses on the English as a Foreign Language class taught by Mr Jeremy Brown, portrayed by Barry Evans, who had to deal with a motley crew of foreign students. Three series were made by LWT between 1977–79, and the show was briefly revived in 1986 with six of the original cast.
The Series was commissioned by Michael Grade, LWT Director of Programmes in 1977, although the series was attracting some 18 million viewers, the programme was cancelled in 1979 by Grade, who considered the stereotyping offensive, 
The series was sold to other countries, including Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana and Singapore. It was also one of the first British TV programmes shown in South Africa after the end of the boycott by the British Actors' Equity Association. It was resurrected briefly for the export market by an independent producer in the mid-1980s, though most ITV companies did not show any of the episodes made in 1986, only Anglia, Central and Granada transmitted the final 13 episodes, while Border, HTV and Tyne Tees broadcast a handful of episodes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0oeu3ANGnk

Mindyl1.jpg

Monday 9 December 2013

Essay Plan

To what extent, and why are Muslims represented as terrorists in the UK news media?

1.       Introduction to essay, brief description of how Muslims are represented in UK news media, and briefly explain reasons why. 

Give examples of some headlines from different newspapers

2.       How the stereotypes began, briefly explaining 9/11 and how it led to the negative portrayal of Muslims in general 

Explaining 9/11, how the stereotypes began, how the representation of Muslims changed before and after 9/11


3.       Briefly explaining the headlines in UK news media, how Muslims are portrayed, how it has affected Muslims in the UK. 

Examples of the headlines in news media, how they are being portrayed and the affect it is having on Muslims
The three most common ‘news hooks’ for stories about British Muslims accounted for more than two thirds of stories. These were:

Terrorism or the war on terror, accounting for 36% of stories overall. This involved stories about terrorism trials, stories about the ‘war on terror’ and about hostage taking, although most of the stories in this category were about terrorism more generally, rather than a specific terrorist event (so, for example, statements or reports about terrorism by politicians or police chiefs).

This was the starting point of an increased focus on British Muslims, and although coverage in 2002 fell back a little, coverage in 2002 appears to be nearly five times higher than in 2000.

Table 1: Stories about British Muslims over time
Year Frequency of Stories

2000 352
2001 2185
2002 1673
2003 1917
2004 2399
2005 3812
2006 4196
2007 3213
2008 34667

From 2002, we see a steady increase in coverage year on year until 2006 (see Figure 1).
What is notable about this increase is that it appears to have its own momentum, so that by
2004 coverage surpassed 2001 levels.

Figure 1: Stories about British Muslims over time
This figure is based on an extrapolation of the five months of coverage available to us, assuming that coverage from June to December 2008 will be commensurate with the coverage from January to May. As we might expect, we see another significant increase in 2005 (the year of the July 7th attacks), although coverage continued to increase further in 2006, reaching a level 12 times higher than in 2000. Although coverage appears to level off a little in 2007 and 2008, it remained higher than in any year before 2005

4.       Gender roles

The different ways men and women are portrayed in UK media. Headscarf and burqa issues bought up in news

www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/.../muslim-women-convert_n_3285337.html



 Many young British Muslims are coming to the conclusion that Western discourse, of which they believe the Media to be a large player, is set against them, only satisfied when documenting them in a distorted light. The term 'Islamophobia' has emerged within these circles, and can be used to summarise the collective feeling of rejection and alienation that is being experienced by Muslims within Britain. At the hands of the Western media British Muslims face marginalisation, having their believes and practices ridiculed and degraded on a regular basis.

In London a peaceful march in protest took place, in which many of my close friends participated - however, a small handful of youths became unruly, resulting in clashes with the police. Again the media chose to give the event a negative image, with news programmes giving coverage only to the small minority who became violent. 


5.       Audience theory and digital media

Effects on the audience –

Muslim audiences, on the other hand, believe that the media in Western countries does not portray Muslims with the same sense of completeness, as it would, for example, people of other faiths. There is a perception that media coverage of Muslims focuses disproportionately on bad news and on conflicts, with less time given to contributions made in other areas such as the arts, sciences, culture, cuisine, and so on.

Twitter and YouTube
People tweeting and putting YouTube videos up, talking about the way Muslims are portrayed isn't fair


6.       Historical texts- how it all started 9/11, post 9/11, how things have changed, compare news headlines then and now

Explaining the change in representation- evidence of news headline before 9/11 and after

7.       Conclusion - Key points linking back to the title


Text Analysis

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2095786/Secret-NYPD-report-reveals-police-spied-Muslims-mosques-terrorists.html

Secret NYPD report reveals how police spied on Muslims and mosques due to fears of terrorist links
 A secret police document shows that the New York City Police Department increased surveillance of thousands of mosques and Muslims.
The revelation contradicts the department's claim that it does not conduct religious profiling.
Titled U.S. Iran Conflict: The Threat to New York City, the document, offers a rare glimpse into the thinking of NYPD intelligence officers and how, when looking for potential threats, they focused their spying efforts on mosques and Muslims.

Under surveillance: Imam Malik Sakhawat Hussain, left, leads prayers at the Al-Mahdi Foundation in New York, on Wednesday, following revelations the NYPD spied on thousands of mosques and Muslims for terrorist activity. Police analysts listed a dozen mosques from central Connecticut to the Philadelphia suburbs. None has been linked to terrorism, either in the document or publicly by federal agencies. Obtained by the Associated Press

The New York Police Department recommended increasing surveillance of thousands of Shiite Muslims and their mosques, based solely on their religion, as a way to sweep the Northeast for signs of Iranian terrorists, the secret police document obtained by Associated Press. The NYPD is prohibited under its own guidelines and city law from basing its investigations on religion.

Under FBI guidelines, which the NYPD says it follows, many of the recommendations in the police document would be prohibited. The Associated Press has reported for months that the NYPD infiltrated mosques, eavesdropped in cafes and monitored Muslim neighbourhoods with plainclothes officers. Its spying operations were begun after the 2001 terror attacks with help from the CIA in a highly unusual partnership.


The May 2006 NYPD intelligence report, entitled "US-Iran Conflict: The Threat to New York City," made a series of recommendations, including: "Expand and focus intelligence collections at Shi'a mosques.' The report, drawn largely from information available in newspapers or sites like Wikipedia, was prepared for Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly. It was written at a time of great tension between the U.S. and Iran. That tension over Iran's nuclear ambition has increased again recently. Police estimated the New York area Shiite population to be about 35,000, with Iranians making up about 8,500. The document also calls for canvassing the Palestinian community because there might be terrorists there.
Tension: New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly says the document as a 'contingency plan'. It was written at a time of great tension between the U.S. and Iran
'The Palestinian community, although not Shi'a, should also be assessed due to presence of Hamas members and sympathizers and the group's relationship with the Iranian government,' analysts wrote.
The secret document stands in contrast to statements by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who said the NYPD never considers religion in its policing. Kelly has said police go only where investigative leads take them, but the document described no leads to justify expanded surveillance at Shiite mosques.

The document also renews debate over how the NYPD privately views Muslims. Kelly has faced calls for his resignation recently from some Muslim activists for participating in a video that says Muslims want to "infiltrate and dominate" the United States. The NYPD showed the video to nearly 1,500 officers during training.

Documents previously obtained by the AP show widespread NYPD infiltration of mosques. It's not clear, however, whether the May 2006 report prompted police to infiltrate the mosques on the list. One former police official who has seen the report said that, generally, the recommendations were followed but he could not say for sure whether these mosques were infiltrated.
(Targeted: Imam Malik Sakhawat Hussain, whose Al-Mahdi Foundation mosque in Brooklyn, was on the list prepares for prayers yesterday)
On Thursday, Kelly described the document as a 'contingency plan,' though that is not mentioned in the document and there is nothing indicating what would trigger such a contingency.

'This was a 2006 document that talked about what we would do if there were hostilities involving Iran,' he said. 'It seems to me that it would be prudent for us to have plans in that regard.'
The document is dated just weeks after Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice told Congress: 'We may face no greater challenge from a single country than from Iran.'
Asad Sadiq, president of the Bait-ul-Qaim mosque in the Philadelphia suburb of Delran, N.J., said the NYPD was being unfairly broad.

'If you attack Cuba, are all the Catholics going to attack here? This is called guilt by association,' Sadiq, a dentist, said after seeing his mosque in the NYPD document. 'Just because we are the same religion doesn't mean we're going to stand up and harm the United States. It's really absurd.'
At the Al-Mahdi Foundation mosque in Brooklyn, worshippers intoned their prayers Wednesday while touching their foreheads to disks of clay on the floor, a Shiite tradition.

'After 1,400 years, the Shias are being targeted in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Pakistan, everywhere,' Imam Malik Sakhawat Hussain said after being told that his mosque was in the NYPD document. 'If U.S. authorities become suspicious of the Shias, I would say we are a very oppressed community of the world.'

At the Masjid Al-Rahman, a prayer hall in the basement of a Brooklyn apartment building, manager Abo Maher was surprised to see his mosque on the NYPD's list of Shiite locations.'
'This isn't even Shia,' he said. 'Their information is wrong.'

This article is representing Muslims in a negative way, as they are being spied on, which means that they are seen as a ‘threat’ to society. They don’t have the same privacy as other people, they aren’t being treated the same as others. People are living in fear of more terrorist attacks, which is why Muslims are being spied on. It shows Muslims in a negative way, as people are seeing them as people that can’t be trusted, terrorist etc.


http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/aug/09/muslims-eid-al-fitr-ramadan-video

Muslims around the world mark the end of the holy month of Ramadan at Friday prayers and with other celebrations. The Eid al-Fitr festival is celebrated by approximately 1.6 billion Muslims across the globe, many of whom mark the holiday with a feast after a month of fasting.


This article is representing Muslims in a positive light. The guardian is showing the millions of Muslims that are celebrating the end of the holy month of Ramadan. This is showing that Muslims are people that are proud of their religion and take is seriously. The fact that there are 1.6 billion Muslims across the globe celebrating this occasion shows that Islam is a strong religion.


Bibliography

Falk, Avner (2008). Islamic terror: conscious and unconscious motives. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International.
 Criminal Justice in Action. - Page 587, Larry K. Gaines
Lewis, Bernard (1988). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. . Cf.Watt, William M. (1976). "Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War". In Murphy, Thomas P. The Holy War. Ohio State University Press. p. 143. 
Surah 2:256, the "No-Compulsion verse"
 Surahs 9:5 - 9:29, the "Sword verses"
 Islam and Terrorism by Mark A. Gabriel
Dreyfuss (2006), p. 2
Cooper (2008), p.272
 Cooper (2008), p.272
Dreyfuss (2006), p. 1-4
 Burgess, Mark (20 May 2004). "Explaining Religious Terrorism Part 1". Center for Defense Information. Retrieved 3 August 2011. "This continuity in terrorist motivations is particularly salient with regard to religion."

Burgess, Mark (2 July 2003). "A Brief History of Terrorism". Centre for Defense
Retrieved 3 August 2011. "While it is impossible to definitively ascertain when it was first used, that which we today call terrorism traces its roots back at least some 2,000 years. Moreover, today’s terrorism has, in some respects come full circle, with many of its contemporary practitioners motivated by religious convictions – something which drove many of their earliest predecessors."
 Laqueur, edited by Walter (2004). Voices of terror: manifestos, writings, and manuals of Al-Qaeda, Hamas and other terrorists from around the world and throughout the ages. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. p. 440. 
For example, according to Pape, from 1980 to 2003 suicide attacks amounted to only 3% of all terrorist attacks, but accounted for 48% of total deaths due to terrorism – this excluding 9/11 attacks, from Pape, Dying to Win, (2005), p.28
 McConnell, Scott (2005). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The American Conservative magazine. The American Conservative. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
 "Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East: Origins and Response". Washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
 Scheuer (2004), p. 9


 Blond, Phillip; Pabst, Adrian (28 July 2005). "The roots of Islamic terrorism". The New York Times.
International Humanist and Ethical Union. "The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam | International Humanist and Ethical Union". Iheu.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16.

"Understanding Terror Networks, Marc Sageman". Upenn.edu. September 11, 2001. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
Wright, Loming Tower (2006), p.304

Qutbism, an Ideology of Islamic-Fascism by Dale C. Eikmeier. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
Lewis, Bernard, 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2009). Page 53, 145–150